Transverse Myelitis

Transverse myelitis is an inflammatory disorder that affects a segment of the spinal cord. When inflammation damages the protective myelin covering around nerve fibers, nerve signals cannot travel normally. This disruption may cause pain, weakness, numbness and changes in bladder or bowel control.

The condition may occur on its own or be associated with autoimmune disorders, infections, or other neuroimmunologic diseases, including multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms often develop over hours to days, although some people experience a more gradual onset.

Common symptoms include:

• Weakness in the legs or arms
• Numbness, tingling or abnormal sensations
• Back or neck pain
• Sensitivity to touch
• Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
• Muscle spasms
• Bladder dysfunction
• Bowel dysfunction
• Sexual dysfunction

Symptom severity varies significantly from person to person.

Transverse myelitis occurs when inflammation damages spinal cord tissue. In many cases, the exact cause cannot be identified.

Potential causes and associated factors include:

• Autoimmune diseases
• Viral or bacterial infections
• Immune system abnormalities
• Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
• Multiple sclerosis
• Rare inflammatory conditions affecting the nervous system

People with underlying autoimmune or neuroimmunologic disorders may have a higher risk of developing transverse myelitis.

Diagnosing transverse myelitis requires a thorough neurological evaluation and testing to determine the extent of spinal cord inflammation and identify possible underlying causes.

Diagnostic testing may include:

• Neurological examination
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Blood tests
• Cerebrospinal fluid analysis through lumbar puncture
• Additional testing to evaluate for autoimmune or infectious conditions

Early diagnosis is important because prompt treatment may improve outcomes.

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, addressing the underlying cause when identified and supporting recovery.

Treatment options may include:

• High-dose intravenous corticosteroids
• Plasma exchange therapy
• Immunosuppressive medications
• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Pain management strategies
• Long-term neuroimmunology care and monitoring

Patients may also benefit from coordinated rehabilitation services to improve mobility, strength and independence.

Some people recover fully, while others may experience lasting neurological effects.

Potential complications include:

• Chronic pain
• Persistent weakness
• Difficulty walking
• Muscle stiffness or spasticity
• Bladder dysfunction
• Bowel dysfunction
• Sexual dysfunction
• Reduced quality of life

Because many cases of transverse myelitis are related to immune system activity or occur without a clearly identifiable cause, prevention is not always possible.

Strategies that may help reduce risk in some situations include:

• Managing underlying autoimmune diseases
• Seeking prompt medical attention for new neurological symptoms
• Following treatment plans for known neuroimmunologic conditions
• Maintaining routine medical care and follow-up visits

If you experience sudden weakness, numbness, difficulty walking or changes in bladder or bowel function, seek medical attention promptly. Early evaluation can help identify spinal cord inflammation and allow treatment to begin as quickly as possible.

To schedule a visit with a Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care provider, fill out an appointment request form or call 833-596-3876.