Herniated Disc

A herniated disc, sometimes called a slipped or ruptured disc, happens when one of the cushions between the bones of your spine (vertebrae) becomes damaged. The disc’s soft center pushes outward, which can irritate or compress nearby nerves.

This condition most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) or neck (cervical spine) and may lead to conditions such as sciatica when nerve roots are involved.

Herniated discs are typically classified based on their location in the spine:

• Cervical herniated disc (neck)
• Thoracic herniated disc (mid-back)
• Lumbar herniated disc (lower back)

Lumbar herniations are the most common and are often associated with leg pain or spinal stenosis.

Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of the herniation. Some people may have no symptoms, while others experience significant discomfort.

Common symptoms include:

• Back or neck pain
• Radiating pain into the arms or legs
• Numbness or tingling
• Muscle weakness
• Pain that worsens with movement, coughing or sitting

Severe cases may cause difficulty walking or loss of bladder or bowel control, which requires immediate medical attention.

Herniated discs often develop gradually due to age-related wear and tear, known as disc degeneration. Over time, discs lose flexibility and are more prone to tearing or rupturing.

Risk factors include:

• Aging
• Repetitive lifting or twisting movements
• Poor posture
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle

Sudden injuries, such as lifting a heavy object improperly, can also cause a disc to herniate.

To diagnose a herniated disc, your provider will begin with a physical exam and review of your symptoms. They may check your reflexes, muscle strength and ability to feel sensations.

Imaging and diagnostic tests may include:

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• CT scan
• X-rays to rule out other conditions
• Nerve studies such as EMG when nerve damage is suspected

These tests help determine the location and severity of the disc herniation and guide treatment decisions.

Most herniated discs improve with conservative, nonsurgical care. Treatment plans are tailored to your symptoms and overall health.

Nonsurgical treatments may include:

• Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility
• Pain medications or anti-inflammatory drugs
• Epidural injection to reduce inflammation around nerves
• Activity modification and rest

If symptoms persist or worsen, surgical options may be considered, such as discectomy or minimally invasive spine surgery to remove or repair the damaged disc.

If left untreated, a herniated disc can lead to complications such as:

• Chronic pain
• Permanent nerve damage
• Muscle weakness
• Reduced mobility

In rare cases, severe nerve compression can cause cauda equina syndrome, a serious condition requiring emergency treatment.

While not all herniated discs can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce your risk:

• Maintain good posture
• Use proper lifting techniques
• Stay physically active
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Strengthen core muscles

These steps help support your spine and reduce strain on discs.

If you are experiencing persistent back or neck pain, numbness or weakness, it’s important to seek medical evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve your quality of life.

Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care offers comprehensive spine care, from advanced diagnostics to minimally invasive treatments, helping you return to your daily activities with less pain.

To schedule a visit with a Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care provider, fill out an appointment request form or call 833-596-3876.