Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by repeated, unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur when there is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain, disrupting normal function. Some people experience mild symptoms, while others may have more severe or frequent episodes.

Epilepsy can be related to other neurological conditions and may require ongoing care, including monitoring with tools like an electroencephalogram (EEG).

Epilepsy includes different seizure types based on how and where abnormal brain activity begins:

• Focal seizures: Start in one area of the brain and may affect awareness or movement
• Generalized seizures: Affect both sides of the brain and can cause loss of consciousness
• Absence seizures: Brief episodes of staring or unresponsiveness, often seen in children

Understanding the type of epilepsy helps guide treatment and management.

Symptoms of epilepsy vary depending on the type of seizure but may include:

• Temporary confusion or loss of awareness
• Uncontrolled jerking movements of the arms and legs
• Staring spells
• Loss of consciousness
• Sudden fear, anxiety or unusual sensations

Some people may experience warning signs, called auras, before a seizure occurs.

Epilepsy can have many causes, and in some cases, the cause is unknown. Common causes and risk factors include:

• Brain injury or trauma
• Stroke or reduced oxygen to the brain
• Brain infections such as meningitis
• Genetic conditions or family history of seizures
• Brain tumors or structural abnormalities

Identifying the underlying cause can help guide treatment decisions.

Diagnosing epilepsy involves a thorough evaluation to confirm seizures and determine their type and cause. This may include:

• Medical history and neurological exam
• Brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scans
• Electrical activity testing with an electroencephalogram (EEG)

At Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care, patients may undergo evaluation in a specialized Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU). These units provide continuous video and EEG monitoring in a controlled hospital setting, allowing specialists to capture and analyze seizures in real time. EMUs play a critical role in confirming the diagnosis, identifying the exact seizure focus and determining whether advanced treatments such as surgery or neuromodulation are appropriate.

Treatment for epilepsy focuses on controlling seizures and improving quality of life. Options may include:

• Antiseizure medications to reduce or prevent seizures
• Lifestyle modifications, such as sleep management and avoiding triggers
• Advanced therapies, including neurostimulation devices or surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy

Treatment plans are personalized based on the type of epilepsy, frequency of seizures and overall health.

If not well controlled, epilepsy can lead to complications such as:

• Injury during seizures
• Difficulty with memory or learning
• Emotional challenges, including anxiety or depression
• Increased risk of accidents

Managing epilepsy effectively can help reduce these risks.

While epilepsy cannot always be prevented, certain steps may lower the risk of seizures or complications:

• Protecting the head to prevent traumatic brain injury
• Managing underlying conditions such as stroke
• Taking medications exactly as prescribed
• Avoiding known seizure triggers

Ongoing care and monitoring are key to prevention.

If you or a loved one is experiencing seizures or symptoms of epilepsy, seeking expert care is important. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce seizure frequency and improve quality of life.

To schedule a visit with a Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care provider, fill out an appointment request form or call 833-596-3876.