Physical Activity can have Cognitive Benefits Lasting Longer Than Previously Thought

Previous research has found that physical activity helps enhance brain health and memory. But how long do the benefits of exercise actually last for the brain? A new study indicates that the cognitive benefits of moderate to vigorous physical activity may extend well beyond the immediate post-exercise period—potentially lasting into the next day.

Researchers from University College London's Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care found that individuals aged 50 to 83 who engaged in more moderate to vigorous physical activity than usual on a given day performed better on memory tests the following day. This challenges the previous understanding that the cognitive benefits of exercise are short-lived, primarily limited to the hours immediately following physical activity.

G. Peter Gliebus, M.D., neurologist and director of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology at Marcus Neuroscience Institute, part of Baptist Health, at Boca Raton Regional Hospital.

The study, published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, further suggests that sleep plays a pivotal role in reinforcing the memory-boosting effects of physical activity. In particular, deep sleep—also known as slow-wave sleep—was shown to contribute significantly to improved memory function the next day.

G. Peter Gliebus, M.D., a neurologist and director of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology at Marcus Neuroscience Institute, part of Baptist Health, at Boca Raton Regional Hospital, points out that the link between physical activity and improved memory is not entirely new, but it continues to be validated by ongoing research.

“Moderate to vigorous physical activity may enhance memory for several reasons,” explains Dr. Gliebus. “It increases blood flow to the brain, boosts the release of specific neurochemicals, improves mood, activates memory centers, and may also enhance sleep quality by promoting more deep sleep.”

The Lasting Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Performance

The new study examined longer-term effects of exercise, revealing that the benefits can last for 24 hours or more, “This study showed that cognitive performance improved and lasted into the following day,” said Dr. Gliebus. “There is increasing evidence that regular physical activity can enhance cognitive abilities and potentially lower the risk of developing future dementia.”

Given the aging population and rising concerns over cognitive decline, the new research is particularly significant.

The study, which involved 76 participants wearing activity trackers for eight days and completing cognitive tests, provides valuable insights, but it is based on a relatively small sample size.

Mikaela Bloomberg, M.D., lead author of the study and a senior research fellow in social epidemiology with the University College London's Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, emphasizes that the results need to be replicated in larger studies before they can be confirmed with certainty. Nonetheless, the initial findings are strong enough to encourage further exploration of the link between physical activity, sleep, and memory.

The Role of Sleep in Enhancing Memory After Exercise

While physical activity itself plays a crucial role in improving memory, the study also highlights the complementary effect of sleep. As Dr. Gliebus points out, sleep is not just a passive state but a critical part of memory consolidation. “Physical activity helps to activate memory centers in the brain, and good sleep, especially deep sleep, consolidates those memories,” he said.

This dual effect of exercise and sleep on memory presents a compelling case for a holistic approach to cognitive health, where both physical activity and good sleep hygiene work together to support optimal brain function. Dr. Gliebus further explains: “Sleep quality and duration are both essential for cognitive health. This study underscores that getting at least six hours of sleep, especially with more deep sleep, can help maximize the memory benefits of exercise.”

While the findings of this study are promising, Dr. Gliebus suggests that they align well with existing research and should not be surprising. “I am not surprised by the findings of this study. This reinforces existing evidence that regular physical activity is essential for optimal brain function,” he says. However, he also acknowledges that more research is needed to confirm these results in a broader context.

What types of physical activities are most beneficial for boosting memory? Dr. Gliebus explains that any activity that increases your heart rate qualifies as moderate to vigorous physical activity. “This includes brisk walking, walking on an incline, running, and other more intense workouts,” he notes. “Additionally, some daily activities, like climbing stairs, also fall into this category.”